This is the second choral ode from Seneca's Troades "The Trojan Women" whose underlying theme, that of death as a haven and release from suffering, grows out of the titular women's experience of life as unspeakable brutality, having been taken captive by the Greek coalition that has just sacked Troy. The idea of death as a release does not necessarily imply the non-existence of an afterlife, however. The first choral ode, for example, depicts the dead Priam happily wandering in Elysium. Both belief and non-belief in an afterlife were current in Seneca's milieu (the latter position is also evinced in the Greek epitaphs which I translate here from two centuries or so after Seneca's death) and both find expression and examination in his prose works, as in De Consolatione ad Polybium. It would, however, be incorrect to suggest that he believed that places like Elysium or beings like Cerberus might be real in any literal sense. Seneca himself believed in one omnipresent God known by many names, including that of Nature. He is decidedly non-committal about whether there is anything beyond death in the works that have come down to us, and does not present a single coherent view on the matter anymore than his Stoic predecessors. Not even in a single work, where he can claim in one chapter that death is equivalent to non-existence, and in another give an elaborate depiction of a deceased man's soul rising to meet his ancestors. "Skeptical but hopeful" might be the only apposite generalization. What really matters for Seneca, though, is not what if anything happens after death but that, either way, it means an end to suffering.
Death Has No Terror (From "Trojan Women" 371-408)
By Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD)
Translated by A.Z. Foreman
Is it the truth that souls live on
beyond the buried flesh?
Or just a myth to drug weak hearts
with hope for something else?
When fingers of the one we love
ease our eyes shut forever,
when our last day blots out the light
of days that lay ahead,
and the grim urn has sealed away
the ash that was our self,
can we not give our being up
in the grave's gift of death?
Are we, poor things, condemned to live
through more existence yet?
Or is death something absolute,
no fraction of us left
when our soul, like a burst of air
commingling overhead
with vaporous and fleeting clouds,
flees with our last gasped breath
and the cremation torches' tongues
have licked our naked flesh?
All that the Sun sees on its rise
or in its setting glow,
all that the Sea's blue billows wash
with global ebb and flow,
is pulled by Pegasus-swift Time
doomward. All things must go.
As the cyclonic cosmos' whirl
the Zodiac we see,
and Sun, the Lord of Stars, spins out
the roll of centuries,
and Moon in witching orbit's arc
speeds to Her destiny,
as all things extant go the way
they must go, so do we.
He who has reached the stagnant waves
of Styx, the Netherstream
where gods are sworn to ceaseless truth,
has simply ceased to be.
As smoke from sputtering fire, we soil
the atmosphere, then fade.
As the rain-pregnant clouds you see
first darken the blue day
are scattered by the sudden Northwind's
chill blasts, then dissipate,
the souls that rule our flesh will flow
apart without a trace.
For there is nothing after death
and death is not a state
only the finish line of this
swift existential race.
Lay down your greed for a reward,
your fears of punishment.
When greedy Time and gnashing Chaos
devour us, we just end.
For death can be no partial thing.
When it destroys the flesh
it nullifies the soul. There is
no afterlife, no Hell,
no hellhound guardian at the gates
to block escape attempts,
no savage tyrant Lord who rules
the kingdom of the dead.
These are no more than hollow folktales
unworthy of attention,
fragments of fantasy and myth
turned nightmare and deception.
You ask "where will we go when we
are dead forevermore?"
You'll be with the unborn.
The Original:
Verum est an timidos fabula decipit
umbras corporibus vivere conditis,
cum coniunx oculis imposuit manum
supremusque dies solibus obstitit
et tristis cineres urna coercuit,
Non prodest animam tradere funeri,
sed restat miseris vivere longius?
An toti morimur nullaque pars manet
nostri, cum profugo spiritus halitu
Immixtus nebulis cessit in aera
et nudum tetigit subdita fax latus?
Quidquid sol oriens, quidquid et occidens
novit, caeruleis Oceanus fretis
quidquid bis veniens et fugiens lavat,
aetas Pegaseo corripiet gradu.
Quo bis sena volant sidera turbine,
quo cursu properat volvere saecula
astrorum dominus, quo properat modo
obliquis Hecate currere flexibus:
hoc omnes petimus fata, nec amplius,
iuratos superis qui tetigit lacus,
usquam est. Ut calidis fumus ab ignibus
vanescit, spatium per breve sordidus;
ut nubes, gravidas quas modo vidimus,
arctoi Boreae dissicit impetus:
sic hic, quo regimur, spiritus effluet.
Post mortem nihil est ipsaque mors nihil,
velocis spatii meta novissima.
Spem ponant avidi, solliciti metum:
Tempus nos avidum devorat et Chaos.
Mors individua est, noxia corpori
nec parcens animae. Taenara et aspero
regnum sub domino limen et obsidens
custos non facili Cerberus ostio
rumores vacui verbaque inania
et par sollicito fabula somnio.
Quaeris quo iaceas post obitum loco?
Quo non nata iacent.
Death Has No Terror (From "Trojan Women" 371-408)
By Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD)
Translated by A.Z. Foreman
Is it the truth that souls live on
beyond the buried flesh?
Or just a myth to drug weak hearts
with hope for something else?
When fingers of the one we love
ease our eyes shut forever,
when our last day blots out the light
of days that lay ahead,
and the grim urn has sealed away
the ash that was our self,
can we not give our being up
in the grave's gift of death?
Are we, poor things, condemned to live
through more existence yet?
Or is death something absolute,
no fraction of us left
when our soul, like a burst of air
commingling overhead
with vaporous and fleeting clouds,
flees with our last gasped breath
and the cremation torches' tongues
have licked our naked flesh?
All that the Sun sees on its rise
or in its setting glow,
all that the Sea's blue billows wash
with global ebb and flow,
is pulled by Pegasus-swift Time
doomward. All things must go.
As the cyclonic cosmos' whirl
the Zodiac we see,
and Sun, the Lord of Stars, spins out
the roll of centuries,
and Moon in witching orbit's arc
speeds to Her destiny,
as all things extant go the way
they must go, so do we.
He who has reached the stagnant waves
of Styx, the Netherstream
where gods are sworn to ceaseless truth,
has simply ceased to be.
As smoke from sputtering fire, we soil
the atmosphere, then fade.
As the rain-pregnant clouds you see
first darken the blue day
are scattered by the sudden Northwind's
chill blasts, then dissipate,
the souls that rule our flesh will flow
apart without a trace.
For there is nothing after death
and death is not a state
only the finish line of this
swift existential race.
Lay down your greed for a reward,
your fears of punishment.
When greedy Time and gnashing Chaos
devour us, we just end.
For death can be no partial thing.
When it destroys the flesh
it nullifies the soul. There is
no afterlife, no Hell,
no hellhound guardian at the gates
to block escape attempts,
no savage tyrant Lord who rules
the kingdom of the dead.
These are no more than hollow folktales
unworthy of attention,
fragments of fantasy and myth
turned nightmare and deception.
You ask "where will we go when we
are dead forevermore?"
You'll be with the unborn.
The Original:
Verum est an timidos fabula decipit
umbras corporibus vivere conditis,
cum coniunx oculis imposuit manum
supremusque dies solibus obstitit
et tristis cineres urna coercuit,
Non prodest animam tradere funeri,
sed restat miseris vivere longius?
An toti morimur nullaque pars manet
nostri, cum profugo spiritus halitu
Immixtus nebulis cessit in aera
et nudum tetigit subdita fax latus?
Quidquid sol oriens, quidquid et occidens
novit, caeruleis Oceanus fretis
quidquid bis veniens et fugiens lavat,
aetas Pegaseo corripiet gradu.
Quo bis sena volant sidera turbine,
quo cursu properat volvere saecula
astrorum dominus, quo properat modo
obliquis Hecate currere flexibus:
hoc omnes petimus fata, nec amplius,
iuratos superis qui tetigit lacus,
usquam est. Ut calidis fumus ab ignibus
vanescit, spatium per breve sordidus;
ut nubes, gravidas quas modo vidimus,
arctoi Boreae dissicit impetus:
sic hic, quo regimur, spiritus effluet.
Post mortem nihil est ipsaque mors nihil,
velocis spatii meta novissima.
Spem ponant avidi, solliciti metum:
Tempus nos avidum devorat et Chaos.
Mors individua est, noxia corpori
nec parcens animae. Taenara et aspero
regnum sub domino limen et obsidens
custos non facili Cerberus ostio
rumores vacui verbaque inania
et par sollicito fabula somnio.
Quaeris quo iaceas post obitum loco?
Quo non nata iacent.
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